Social stratification refers to the division of society into distinct groups based on various criteria such as power, wealth, status, and privileges. It is a universal phenomenon observed in all human societies, where individuals and groups are ranked in a hierarchical structure. In the Indian context, social stratification is deeply rooted in historical, cultural, and religious traditions, most prominently reflected in the caste system.

According to MacIver and Page, social stratification exhibits three key features:

1. The existence of distinct groups.

2. The identification of superiors and inferiors.

3. A degree of permanence in both of the above.

India’s hierarchical structure is marked by caste, class, gender, and religion, all of which play a crucial role in determining social status and opportunities.

“Social stratification refers to the arrangement of any social group or society into a hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation, and psychic gratification.”

“Alternate version: Social stratification is the process by which individuals and groups are ranked in a more or less enduring hierarchy of status.”

“Social stratification is the division of society into permanent groups or categories linked with each other by the relationship of superiority and subordination.”

“Social stratification refers to the ranking of individuals on a scale of superiority-inferiority-equality, according to some commonly accepted basis of valuation.”

“Social stratification is the horizontal division of society into ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ social units.”

In India, social stratification is historically rooted in the caste system, a rigid form of social hierarchy that categorizes individuals into specific groups based on their birth. The caste system divides society into four primary varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras), with Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) outside the system.

Key characteristics of Indian social stratification include:

Caste dictates one’s occupation, social interactions, and status within the community.

With modernization, economic factors such as wealth and education have become significant determinants of social status.

Gender roles, influenced by cultural and religious norms, further stratify Indian society, often placing women at a disadvantage.

India’s pluralistic society adds another layer of stratification, as religious communities have their unique hierarchies and practices.

Social stratification in India is a complex interplay of traditional systems like caste and emerging factors like economic class and gender dynamics. While modernization and legal reforms have challenged rigid hierarchies, many traditional practices still persist. Understanding social stratification is essential to addressing inequality and fostering social cohesion in a diverse society like India.