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ಸಮಗ್ರ ಅರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಅರ್ಥ, ವಿಧಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿ
ಸಮಗ್ರ ಅರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವು ಅರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಒಂದು ಶಾಖೆಯಾಗಿದ್ದು ಅದು ಇಡೀ ಆರ್ಥಿಕತೆಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ಷಮತೆ, ರಚನೆ ಮತ್ತು ನಡವಳಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಹಣದುಬ್ಬರ, ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ, ನಿರುದ್ಯೋಗ, ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಆದಾಯ ಮತ್ತು ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆಗಳು, ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸರ್ಕಾರಗಳ ಒಟ್ಟಾರೆ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ಷಮತೆಯಂತಹ ವಿಶಾಲ ಅಂಶಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಅರ್ಥಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಭಿನ್ನವಾಗಿದೆ.
Fiscal Policy: Objectives and Importance
Fiscal policy is a crucial tool used by governments to manage the economy. It refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence a nation’s macroeconomic conditions, including employment, inflation, aggregate demand for goods and services, and economic growth.
Meaning of Inflation and its Types
Inflation is a key concept in modern economics that impacts every aspect of the economy. It refers to a situation where prices of goods and services increase, leading to a decline in the purchasing power of money. This happens when there’s more money circulating in the economy than the available goods and services, causing prices to rise. Inflation can affect various sections of society differently and has far-reaching consequences for economic stability and growth.
Keynesian Theory of Income, Output, and Employment
John Maynard Keynes , a renowned English economist, revolutionised economic thought by challenging the ideas of classical economists. His groundbreaking work, “The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money” (1936), introduced innovative concepts that addressed the critical issues of his time, especially the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Saving and Investment Equality
Say’s Law of Markets is a key concept in classical economic theory, introduced by 19th-century French economist J.B. Say. It is based on the idea that “supply creates its own demand.” This means that as goods are produced, they generate income, which in turn creates demand for those goods.
Meaning, Types and Scope Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that examines the performance, structure, and behavior of an entire economy. It focuses on broad factors such as inflation, economic growth, unemployment, national income, and the overall performance of markets, industries, and governments.
Determinants of Social Mobility: Occupation and Income
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups within a social hierarchy, often involving shifts in socio-economic status. Two key determinants of social mobility are occupation and income, as these factors play a pivotal role in shaping an individual’s position within society. In the Indian context, where traditional systems like caste intertwine with modern socio-economic dynamics, these determinants hold particular significance.
Meaning and Types of Social Mobility
Social mobility refers to the movement or change in the social position of individuals, families, or groups within a society. This movement may occur within a single generation or across generations. The term encompasses the shifts in socio-economic status, which could involve changes in income, education, occupation, or social status.
Meaning and Definition of Social Stratification
Social stratification refers to the division of society into distinct groups based on various criteria such as power, wealth, status, and privileges. It is a universal phenomenon observed in all human societies, where individuals and groups are ranked in a hierarchical structure. In the Indian context, social stratification is deeply rooted in historical, cultural, and religious traditions, most prominently reflected in the caste system.
Technological Factors of Social Change
Technology, defined as the systematic application of scientific knowledge to solve specific problems of life, has been a transformative force in society. Its impact is vast, touching every aspect of human life and bringing about significant social change. Below is a detailed exploration of how technology influences society:
Meaning of Social Change
Change is a constant phenomenon and a fundamental law of nature. Society, as a dynamic entity, is never static; it undergoes continuous transformation over time. The term social change refers to alterations that take place within human society, particularly in human interactions and interpersonal relationships. Since society is a network of social relations, social change inherently signifies a shift in the system of these relations. Any variation, modification, or transformation in established patterns of human communication and norms of behavior qualifies as social change.
Meaning and Origin of Feminism
Feminism is a social, political, and intellectual movement that advocates for the equality of the sexes. It seeks to challenge and dismantle the systemic inequalities, biases, and discrimination faced by women and marginalized genders in various aspects of life, including politics, education, the workplace, and personal relationships. Feminism is not limited to women’s rights alone but broadly aims to achieve equality and justice for all genders.
Meaning of Secularism
Secularism is a principle that advocates the separation of religion from the affairs of the state and public institutions. It ensures that individuals of all religious faiths—or none—are treated equally and that no single religion is given preferential status in governance or public policy. Secularism is rooted in the ideals of equality, freedom of conscience, and neutrality toward all religious beliefs.
Meaning and Principles of Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and philosophical ideology centered on the belief in individual freedom, equality, and the protection of fundamental human rights. Emerging from the Enlightenment period of the 17th and 18th centuries, liberalism advocates for the autonomy and dignity of every individual, emphasizing that all people are born with inherent rights that should be respected and safeguarded by society and the state.
Meaning and Importance of Democracy
Democracy is a form of government where power ultimately rests with the people. The term originates from the Greek words demos (meaning “people”) and kratos (meaning “rule”), together signifying “rule by the people.” In a democracy, decisions are made by the collective will of the citizens, either directly or through their chosen representatives. It emphasizes the principles of equality, liberty, justice, and mutual respect among all individuals.